| |
|
译文:中国通货膨胀形势日趋复杂
中国通货膨胀形势日趋复杂
中国的通货膨胀问题正变得日趋复杂。食品价格上涨速度减缓,但是其他方面的价格开始攀升。
总体通货膨胀率水平已经从今年2月的较上年同期上升8.7%这一近期高点略有回落。而且,随着猪肉等一些关键商品的价格企稳,总体通货膨胀率在未来几个月将进一步下降。3月份通货膨胀率小幅降至8.3%,不过经济学家们表示,将于下周公布的4月份通货膨胀数据可能仍将维持在8%以上。中国央行行长周小川5月4日曾表示,预计未来几个月通货膨胀的上升幅度将更加温和。
但是,中国尚未脱离通货膨胀高企的境地。
以中国近年来的通货膨胀水平衡量,目前的通胀率依然偏高,并且,和其他国家一样,中国还面临着粮食和其他大宗必需商品全球市场供应紧张的局面。近来,大米主要生产国之一缅甸遭受热带风暴袭击,这使今年以来已经上涨了一倍多的大米价格更加走势难料。因此,不能排除食品价格进一步上涨的可能性。
在中国国内,也有迹象表明目前为止集中在食品领域的价格上涨正在蔓延至其他商品和服务领域。对于政策制定者来说,这是令人担忧的信号,他们反复强调,其主要目标是防止单纯的食品价格上涨演变成更加广泛的通货膨胀。后者可能带来诸多风险,其中之一便是:通货膨胀可能会削弱促进经济增长的消费支出。
雷曼兄弟(Lehman Brothers)驻香港经济学家孙明春说,非食品类商品的通货膨胀肯定会上升,而且已经在悄悄蔓延了。他认为,如果食品价格降低,而非食品类商品价格上涨,从经济的角度来看这就成大问题了。
根据国家统计局的数据,不包括食品价格的消费者价格指数(CPI) 3月份的涨幅为1.8%,而2006年和2007年大多数时间它都维持在1%或更低的水平。这一指标的加速上升可能反映出,工资和原材料成本的上升正在反映到更多种类的商品中,考虑到中国作为全球很多产品供应商的重要地位,这一现象将对全球市场产生影响。
另一个推动通货膨胀上升的因素是:由大多数城市的房价持续上升引发的房租上涨。JP摩根(J.P. Morgan)的经济学家预计,非食品类商品的通货膨胀将继续加速增长,2008年全年的平均涨幅将达到2.5%。
总体通货膨胀下降可能会减缓政府采取加息等紧缩措施的压力。中国政府其实并没有大幅抑制总体需求,因此上,作为全球经济增长主要推动力之一的中国,今年第一季度的经济增速仍高达10.6%。
但是不断上升的核心通货膨胀率却有可能挑战政府一直以来相对温和的宏观经济政策。中国央行自去年12月以来没有再加过息,显然它断定由食品价格上涨推动的通货膨胀将是暂时的。
今年,中国政府官员的工作重点主要放在了两个方面,一是安抚消费者,以使通货膨胀预期不会失控;二是允许人民币兑美元继续升值,进而降低进口商品的价格。
不过,中国政府为减缓总体通货膨胀增速而采取的措施可能使通胀形势进一步复杂化。为了降低通货膨胀,政府对一些食品类产品实施了临时的价格管制。官方还将电价和汽油等燃油价格维持在原有水平,中国这些商品的价格长期以来都由政府制定,即使是在煤炭和原油价格飙升推高生产成本的情况下也是如此。这导致了电厂和炼油厂的生产材料短缺以及亏损等问题。
大多数经济学家认为,价格管制措施不可能无限期使用下去。一些官员也表示,他们确实计划提高国内的能源价格,但是在通胀压力减缓之前,他们仍不愿这样作。
中国或许正在临近总体通货膨胀开始下降的拐点。猪肉短缺一直是整体通货膨胀飙升的主要原因之一。但是,最近几周,国内食品价格一直处于稳定或下降的状态,减缓了人们对供应不足的担忧。
比如,中国商务部每周的调查显示,截至2月,鲜猪肉的批发价格稳步上涨至每公斤近23元(合3.29美元)。从那之后,该价格基本上保持稳定,上周回落至22.21元
即使猪肉等商品的价格不出现下降,通货膨胀率也可能降低。中国的CPI去年7月一举突破了5%,因此从今年7月份起,物价的上年比较基数会大幅提高。如果届时不出现物价加速上涨的局面,那么随着时间的推移,物价的同比增幅将会下降。
食品价格飙升确实给贫困人口造成了不少负担,但是目前为止中国的总体消费支出似乎并没有受到通货膨胀的影响。第一季度经通胀因素调整的零售额增长了13.2%,与去年第四季度相差无几。
虽然销售额数字并不是衡量实际支出的最佳指标,一些调查的确表明消费支出出现了疲软。但是考虑到很多指标表现强劲,如第一季度消费类商品进口增加以及整体经济强劲增长等,因此眼下来看,年通胀率超过8%的状况并没有对消费支出产生负面影响。
驻伦敦经济学家马克•威廉姆斯(Mark Williams)说,我认为消费支出还会快速增长,中国家庭会利用一部分储蓄来提高他们真正的支出能力。他说,这也就意味着大多数家庭认为通货膨胀是暂时的。但是如果通胀持续时间长于预期,那么他们可能就不愿意或者无力动用储蓄了,并且不得不削减开支。
|
| 原文:China's Inflation Mix Grows More Complex |
发现者:yunxinz 来源:未知 发布时间:2008-05-11 类型:原创 |
China's Inflation Mix Grows More Complex China's inflation problem is getting more complicated. Food prices are rising more slowly, but the costs of other items are starting to climb.
The headline-inflation rate has already come down a bit from its recent peak in February of 8.7% compared to the same period a year earlier, and could decline further in coming months now that prices for key goods such as pork have stabilized. Inflation eased slightly to 8.3% in March, though economists say the reading for April, slated for release next week, likely remained above 8%. Central-bank governor Zhou Xiaochuan said May 4 that he expects more 'moderate' inflation in coming months.
But China isn't out of the woods yet. Inflation is still high by China's recent standards and, like other nations, the country faces strained global markets for food and other essential commodities. This week, the cyclone that hit Myanmar, a major rice producer, threw even more uncertainty into the outlook for rice prices, which have more than doubled this year. The risk of further food-price shocks can't be ruled out. Within China, there are also signs that price rises, so far concentrated almost entirely in food, are now spreading to other goods and services. That could be worrisome to policy makers, who have repeatedly declared that their main goal is to prevent isolated food-price gains from turning into broader inflation. Among the risks: Inflation could weaken the consumer spending that has helped support economic growth.
'Nonfood inflation is certain to go higher, and is already creeping up,' said Sun Mingchun, an economist for Lehman Brothers in Hong Kong. 'If food-price inflation goes down, but nonfood inflation goes up, economically it's a big problem.'
The increase in China's consumer-price index excluding food accelerated to 1.8% in March, after hovering at 1% or less for almost all of 2006 and 2007, according to the National Bureau of Statistics. The acceleration likely reflects how higher wages and raw-material costs are feeding into price rises for a broader range of goods, phenomena that have global implications given China's importance as a supplier of many products.
Another contributor is higher rents, thanks to continued price rises in most urban-property markets. J.P. Morgan economists expect nonfood inflation to continue to speed up to an average 2.5% for all of 2008 Lower headline inflation could reduce pressure on the government to raise interest rates or take other tightening policies. By not sharply restraining overall demand, the government has helped keep one of the growth engines of the world economy humming along at a 10.6% pace in the first quarter.But rising 'core' inflation could also challenge the relatively mild strategy pursued so far. The central bank hasn't raised interest rates since December, apparently judging that the food-driven increases in inflation will be temporary.
This year, officials have focused mainly on reassuring consumers, so that inflation expectations don't get out of hand, and on allowing China's currency to appreciate against the dollar, which reduces import costs.
The government's own response to slowing headline inflation could further complicate the inflation picture. To try to keep inflation down, the state has put temporary price controls on some food products. Officials have also maintained fixed retail prices for electricity and fuels such as gasoline, which have long been government-set, even as soaring prices for coal and crude oil pushed up costs. That has led to shortages and financial losses for power producers and refiners. Most economists argue the controls can't be sustained indefinitely. Officials have indicated they do plan to raise domestic energy prices, but are reluctant to do so until inflation recedes.
The shift to lower headline inflation in China may be getting closer. A shortage of pork, the staple meat for most Chinese, has been one of the big contributors to the surge in overall inflation numbers. But domestic food prices have been stable or declining in recent weeks, easing shortage concerns. For instance, the Ministry of Commerce's weekly surveys show the wholesale price of fresh pork rose steadily to nearly 23 yuan ($3.29) a kilogram as of February. Since then, the price has been basically stable and last week dropped to 22.21 yuan.
Even without declines in prices for goods such as pork, the rate of inflation is likely to ease. The consumer-price inflation passed 5% in July last year, so by July this year the base of comparison for prices will be much higher. If prices don't accelerate, inflation rates will mathematically decline as the year goes on.
The surge in food prices has been a real hardship for the poor, but total consumer spending seems to have weathered inflation well so far. In the first quarter, retail sales, adjusted for the increase in retail prices, were up 13.2%, a rate not much changed from that for the fourth quarter of 2007. The sales figures are an imperfect measure of actual spending, and some surveys do hint at weakness. But given the strength in many indicators -- for instance, a pickup in imports of consumer goods and strong overall growth in the first quarter -- it does appear that annual inflation at more than 8% hasn't yet hurt spending.
'My best bet is that consumption is continuing to expand rapidly, with households dipping into savings to boost their real spending power,' said Mark Williams, an economist with Capital Economics in London. That suggests households generally believe high inflation will be temporary, he argued. But if it turns out to last longer than expected, households could be less willing or able to draw on savings, and have to cut their spending.
|
其它译文: | 其它发现: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 我站部分文章为网友自行添加,未能联系上原作者,如有版权问题,请告知我们,我们将立即删除! 查看联系方式 |
|
|